In response, British and French forces quickly took control of Guangzhou (Canton).Р”Р„ustria-Hungary's casus belli against Serbia in July 1914 was based upon Serbia's refusal to investigate the involvement of Serbian government officials in the equipping, training and paying the assassins who murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo. On February 29, 1856, Chapdelaine, a French missionary, was killed in the province of Guangxi, which was not open to foreigners. France used the execution of Auguste Chapdelaine as a casus belli for the Second Opium War. Advocates of war used the rallying cry, 'Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!' Second Opium War Р”В®uropeans had access to Chinese ports as outlined in the Treaty of Nanking from the First Opium War. The McKinley administration did not cite the explosion as a casus belli, but others were already inclined to go to war with Spain over perceived atrocities and loss of control in Cuba. The Spanish investigation found that the explosion had been caused by spontaneous combustion of the coal bunkers, but the US Sampson Board's Court of Inquiry ruled that the explosion had been caused by an external explosion from a torpedo. While the destruction of the Maine did not result in an immediate declaration of war with Spain, it did create an atmosphere that precluded a peaceful solution. While long-term conflict between the northern and southern states (mainly due to the economic disparities and moral questions caused by slavery) was the cause of the American Civil War, the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter (April 12РІР‚вЂњ14, 1861) served as casus belli for igniting the deadliest war in American history.Р”В¬artoon of belligerent Uncle Sam placing Spain on notice, c. This section outlines a number of the more famous and/or controversial cases of casus belli which have occurred in modern times. The UN also reserves the right to ask member nations to intervene against non-signatory countries that embark on wars of aggression. In the postРІР‚вЂњWorld War II era, the UN Charter prohibits signatory countries from engaging in war except: 1) as a means of defending themselves-or an ally where treaty obligations require it-against aggression 2) unless the UN as a body has given prior approval to the operation. Thucydides argued that the three primary real reasons for waging war are reasonable fear, honor, and interest, while the stated reasons involve appeals to nationalism or fearmongering (as opposed to descriptions of reasonable, empirical causes for fear).Р”В¬ountries need a public justification for attacking another country, both to galvanize internal support for the war and to gain the support of potential allies. The proschemata are the stated reasons for waging war, which may or may not be the same as the real reasons, which Thucydides called prophasis ( РџР‚РџРѓР“С–РџвЂ РћВ±РџС“Рћв„–РџвЂљ). Proschema (plural proschemata) is the equivalent Greek term, first popularized by Thucydides in his History of the Peloponnesian War. Modern international law recognizes only three lawful justifications for waging war: self-defense, defense of an ally required by the terms of a treaty, and approval by the United Nations. It attempts to demonstrate that it is going to war only as a last resort ( ultima ratio) and that it has 'just cause' for doing so. In formally articulating a casus belli, a government typically lays out its reasons for going to war, its intended means of prosecuting the war, and the steps that others might take to dissuade it from going to war. It is used retrospectively to describe situations that arose before the term came into wide use, as well as present-day situations, including those in which war has not been formally declared. The term is also used informally to refer to any 'just cause' a nation may claim for entering into a conflict. The term came into wide use in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the writings of Hugo Grotius (1653), Cornelius van Bynkershoek (1707), and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui (1732), among others, and due to the rise of the political doctrine of jus ad bellum or ' just war theory'. A casus belli involves direct offenses or threats against the nation declaring the war, whereas a casus foederis involves offenses or threats against its ally-usually one bound by a mutual defense pact. ( February 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Р”Р„ casus belli (from Latin: casus belli, lit.'occasion for war', plural casus belli) is an act or event that provokes or is used to justify war. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations.

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